Glossary of Terms
- Aspectual Suffixes
- Clitics
- Derivational Suffixes
- Modal Suffixes
- Nominal Suffixes
- Personal Pronouns
- Prepronominal Prefixes
- Pronominal Prefixes
- Reflexive Prefixes
Table of Contents
Aspectual Suffixes
- CMP – Completed Action
- The Completive/Perfective stem indicates a past or future completed action. (CRG: 72-74)
- IMM – Immediate Action ('just now')
- The Immediate/Punctual stem presents an action that took place in the recent past; it can also be used as a command to express an action that should be done in the near future. (CRG: 69-72)
- INC – Incomplete Action
- The Incompletive/Imperfective stem indicates that the action is not completed. (CRG: 68-69)
- INF – Infinitive ('to do...')
- The Infinitive has many different uses; for most of these functions it appears with another verb rather than alone. One of the most common uses of this stem is the Infinitive complement function: to serve as an object to another verb. (CRG: 74-77)
- PRC – Present Continuous Action
- The Present Continuous stem indicates that an action or state is happening at the time of speaking. (CRG: 67-68)
Clitics
- CN – Conjunction Suffix ('and')
- The Conjunction postfix serves to link two words together and is often translated as ‘and’; another important function is to announce the topic of the sentence. (CRG 206-208)
- CQ – Conducive Question ('don't you...?')
- The Conducive Question postfix is used to ask questions to which a ‘yes’ answer is expected. (CRG: 198-199)
- CS – Concessive Suffix ('but', 'wonder if')
- The Concessive postfix is typically translated as ‘but’. When attached to a question word, it often expresses ‘I wonder’. (CRG: 209)
- CT – Contrastive Suffix
- The Contrastive postfix usually occurs following -sgo to question an assertion. (CRG: 203-204)
- DT – Delimiter Suffix ('only')
- The Delimiter postfix often has the meaning ‘only’ or ‘just’ and is often emphatic. (CRG: 200-202)
- EM – Emphasis Suffix
- The Emphatic postfix used to emphasize a word, usually at the beginning of a clause. It is often not translated. (CRG: 204-205)
- EQ – Echo Question Suffix
- FC – Focus Suffix
- The Focus postfix indicates focus on the word to which it attaches. (CRG: 205-206)
- OQ – Or' Question Suffix
- The 'Or' Question postfix presents a choice between two alternatives. lt also appears on question words either to emphasize the question, as in (85a), or to alter the question itself. (CRG: 198-199)
- OS – "Or" Statement
- The "Or" Statement postfix is typically translated as ‘or’ and attaches to statements. (CRG: 202-203)
- Q – Yes/No Question Suffix
- The Yes/No Question postfix appears on the word that is being questioned when a ‘yes’ or ‘no’ answer is expected. (CRG:199-200)
Derivational Suffixes
- ACC:CMP – Completive Accidental Derivational Suffix
- ACC:IMM – Immediate Accidental Derivational Suffix
- ACC:INC – Accidental Derivational Suffix
- ACC:INF – Infinitive Accidental Derivational Suffix
- AMB – Ambulative Derivational Suffix
- AMB:CMP – Completive Ambulative Derivational Suffix
- AMB:IMM – Immediate Ambulative Derivational Suffix
- AMB:INC – Incompletive Ambulative Derivational Suffix
- AMB:INF – Infinitive Ambulative Derivational Suffix
- AMB:PRC – Present Continuous Ambulative Derivational Suffix
- APL – Applicative Derivational Suffix
- APL:CMP – Completive Applicative Derivational Suffix
- APL:IMM – Immediate Applicative Derivational Suffix
- APL:INC – Incompletive Applicative Derivational Suffix
- APL:INF – Infinitive Applicative Derivational Suffix
- APL:PRC – Present Continuous Applicative Derivational Suffix
- CAUS – Causative Derivational Suffix
- CAUS:CMP – Completive Causative Derivational Suffix
- CAUS:IMM – Immediate Causative Derivational Suffix
- CAUS:INC – Incompletive Causative Derivational Suffix
- CAUS:INF – Infinitive Causative Derivational Suffix
- CAUS:PRC – Present Continuous Causative Derivational Suffix
- DPL – Duplicative Derivational Suffix
- DPL:CMP – Completive Duplicative Derivational Suffix
- DPL:IMM – Immediate Duplicative Derivational Suffix
- DPL:INC – Incompletive Duplicative Derivational Suffix
- DPL:INF – Infinitive Duplicative Derivational Suffix
- DPL:PRC – Present Continuous Duplicative Derivational Suffix
- MLT:CMP – Completive Multiplicative Derivational Suffix
- MLT:INC – Incompletive Multiplicative Derivational Suffix
- MLT:INF – Infinitive Multiplicative Derivational Suffix
- MLT:PRC – Present Continuous Multiplicative Derivational Suffix
- MOV:CMP – Completive Movement Derivational Suffix
- MOV:IMM – Immediate Movement Derivational Suffix
- MOV:INC – Incompletive Movement Derivational Suffix
- MOV:INF – Infinitive Movement Derivational Suffix
- MOV:PRC – Present Continuous Movement Derivational Suffix
- PRI – Pre-incipient Derivational Suffix
- PRI:CMP – Completive Pre-incipient Derivational Suffix
- PRI:IMM – Immediate Pre-incipient Derivational Suffix
- PRI:INC – Incompletive Pre-incipient Derivational Suffix
- PRI:INF – Infinitive Pre-incipient Derivational Suffix
- PRI:PRC – Present Continuous Pre-incipient Derivational Suffix
- PRP – Purpose Derivational Suffix
- PRP:CMP – Completive Purpose Derivational Suffix
- PRP:IMM – Immediate Purpose Derivational Suffix
- PRP:INC – Incompletive Purpose Derivational Suffix
- PRP:INF – Infinitive Purpose Derivational Suffix
- PRP:PRC – Present Continuous Purpose Derivational Suffix
- REP:CMP – Completive Repetitive Derivational Suffix
- REP:IMM – Immediate Repetitive Derivational Suffix
- REP:INC – Incompletive Repetitive Derivational Suffix
- REP:INF – Infinitive Repetitive Derivational Suffix
- REP:PRC – Present Continuous Repetitive Derivational Suffix
- TRM – Terminative Derivational Suffix
- TRM:CMP – Completive Terminative Derivational Suffix
- TRM:IMM – Immediate Terminative Derivational Suffix
- TRM:INC – Incompletive Terminative Derivational Suffix
- TRM:INF – Infinitive Terminative Derivational Suffix
- TRM:PRC – Present Continuous Terminative Derivational Suffix
Modal Suffixes
- COND.FUT – Conditional Future Action
- EXP – Experienced Past Event
- FCM – Future Command ('let us...')
- HAB – Habitual Action
- IND – Indicative Suffix
- MOT – In Motion
- NDV – Negative Deverbalizer Suffix
- NXP – Non-experienced Past Event
- PFT – Progressive Future ('is going to...')
Nominal Suffixes
- ADJ – Adjective Suffix
- AGT – Agentive Suffix
- AUG – Augmentative Suffix
- CHR – Characterizer Suffix
- CVB – Converb Suffix
- DIM – Diminutive Suffix
- DVB – Deverbalizer Suffix
- INT – Intensifier Suffix
- LOC – Locative Suffix
- NOM – Nominal Suffix
- PCP – Participle Suffix
- POSS – Possessive Suffix
- REAL – Authentic Suffix
Personal Pronouns
- I.we – 1st Person Personal Pronoun
- POSS.PRO – Possessive Pronoun ('their')
- you – 2nd Person Personal Pronoun
Prepronominal Prefixes
- ANS – Animate Nonsingular Prefix
- For some speakers the Animate Nonsingular (ANS) prepronominal prefix gaa- is used to reference third person nonsingular animate objects; other speakers use the Distributive prefix dee-. (CRG: 117)
- CMF – Completed Future Action
- COM – Command Prefix ('do ...!')
- The Command prepronominal prefix appears with negative commands in certain contexts. (CRG: 113-115)
- DST – Distributive Prefix ('many')
- The Distributive prepronominal prefix has two forms, DST1 and DST2. Its two basic meanings are to indicate the presence of a nonsingular object or the distribution and/or multiplication of an action. (CRG: 109-113;140; 304-305)
- IRR – Irrealis Prefix ('maybe')
- The Irrealis prepronominal prefix references an action that has not occurred and/or might occur. One of the most important functions of this prefix is negation. (CRG: 106-109)
- ITR – Iterative Prefix ('over and over')
- The Iterative prepronominal prefix indicates that an action has been repeated. (CRG: 293-296)
- NEG – Negative Prefix ('not')
- The GA or Negative prepronominal prefix has several uses. The most common use of this prefix is to indicate that something has not happened for a certain period. (CRG: 297-300)
- NI – NI2 Prefix
- The ni- or Partitive prepronominal prefix has two forms: NI1 (PART1) and NI2 (PART2). This prefix has several different functions. (CRG 283-288; 339-340)
- REL – Relativizer Prefix
- The Relativizer prepronominal prefix primarily indicates that a verb is part of a relative clause. It may also indicate a definite past time frame in which the verb took place. (CRG: 279-282)
- TOC – Toward Command Prefix ('go do ...!')
- TOW – Toward Prefix
- The Toward or Cislocative prepronominal prefix has two forms: TOW1 (CISL1) and TOW2 (CISL2). This prefix indicates an action that is facing or approaching the speaker.
- TRNSL – Translocative Prefix ('away from')
- The Translocative prepronominal prefix indicates a motion away from the speaker as well as an action that is taking place at a distance from the speaker. (CRG: 104-106)
Pronominal Prefixes
- all.of.us – 1st Person Plural Inclusive Pronoun
- EMP.PRO – Emphatic Pronoun
- I – 1st Person Singular Pronoun
- I/AN – 1st Person Animate Pronoun
- I.OBJ – 1st Person Singular Object Focus Pronoun
- I/them – 1/3PL Combined Local Pronoun
- I/you – 1/2SG Combined Local Pronoun
- I/you.all – 1/2PL Combined Local Pronoun
- I/you.two – 1/2DL Combined Local Pronoun
- my – 1st Person Family Pronoun
- one – 3rd Person Impersonal Pronoun
- s/he/they – 3rd Person Singular Pronoun ('she, he, they, it')
- s/he/they.&.I – 1st Person Dual Exclusive Pronoun
- s/he/they.&.I/AN – 1st Person Dual Exclusive Animate Pronoun
- s/he/they.&.I.OBJ – 1st Person Dual Exclusive Object Focus Pronoun
- s/he/they.OBJ – 3rd Person Singular Object Focus Pronoun
- they – 3rd Person Plural Pronoun
- they>all.of.us – 3PL>1PL.IN Combined Nonsingular Subject
- they>him.&.me – 3PL>1DU.EX Combined Nonsingular Subject
- they.&.I – 1st Person Plural Exclusive Pronoun
- they.&.I/AN – 1st Person Plural Exclusive Animate Pronoun
- they.&.I.OBJ – 1st Person Plural Exclusive Object Focus Pronoun
- they>me – 3rd Person Plural Subject, 1st Person Singular Object
- they.OBJ – 3rd Person Plural Object Focus Pronoun
- they>s/he/them – 3rd Person Plural Subject, 3rd Person Singular Object
- they>them – 3PL>3PL Combined Nonsingular Subject
- they>them.&.me – 3PL>1PL.EX Combined Nonsingular Subject
- they>you – 3rd Person Plural Subject, 2nd Person Singular Object
- they>you.all – 3PL>2PL Combined Nonsingular Subject
- they>you.&.me – 3PL>1DU.IN Combined Nonsingular Subject
- they>you.two – 3PL>2DU Combined Nonsingular Subject
- we.all/AN – 1st Person Plural Inclusive Animate Pronoun
- we.all.OBJ – 1st Person Plural Inclusive Object Focus Pronoun
- you.all – 2nd Person Plural Pronoun
- you.all/AN – 2nd Person Plural Animate Pronoun
- you.all.OBJ – 2nd Person Plural Object Focus Pronoun
- you/AN – 2nd Person Animate Pronoun
- you/him.&.me – 2/1DL Combined Local Pronoun
- you.&.I – 1st Person Dual Inclusive Pronoun
- you.&.I/AN – 1st Person Dual Inclusive Animate Pronoun
- you.&.I.OBJ – 1st Person Dual Inclusive Object Focus Pronoun
- you/me – 2/1SG Combined Local Pronoun
- you.OBJ – 2nd Person Singular Object Focus Pronoun
- you/them.&.me – 2/1PL Combined Local Pronoun
- you.two – 2nd Person Dual Pronoun
- you.two/AN – 2nd Person Dual Animate Pronoun
- you.two.OBJ – 2nd Person Dual Object Focus Pronoun
Reflexive Prefixes
- MDL – Middle Prefix
- RFL – Reflexive Prefix